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GSC 101 final term spring 2021
1 - Discuss the role of biology in biotechnology and genetic
engineering .
2- what is reabsorption of human .??
3- how many parts of blood circulatory system. Discus its parts..
4- describe food web of forest ecosystem
5 - why ammonia is base ??
GSC 101 Final Term Past Paper
GSC 101
Total question: 52
Subjective: 12
Objective: 40 MCQs
One from each lecture mostly came from final term lectures.
1. What is brine? (2)
Answer. In this method aqueous solution of sodium chloride (common salt) is
electrolyzed. The aqueous solution of NaCl is called brine.
2.
electrolyzed. The aqueous solution of NaCl is called brine.
2. Difference between prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell?(3)
Answer. Prokaryotic Cell Vs Eukaryotic Cell
| Prokaryotic Cells | Eukaryotic Cells |
| No defined nucleus but a nucleoid region | Defined nucleus with nuclear membrane |
| No membrane bound organelles | Membrane bound organelles are |
| Small in size (e.g. 1-2 microns in bacteria) | Larger than prokaryotic cells on average (20 microns of animal cells) |
| Cell wall consist of peptidoglycan (a polymer of amino acids and sugars) | Cell wall consist of cellulose (plants) and chitin (fungi) |
Answer. Difference between cellular and organismic respiration
Cellular respiration is a series of events of metabolic reactions for
production of energy.
production of energy.
Organismic respiration is the process of coordinated movements of body that
results in inhalation and exhalation of air. We also call it breathing or
ventilation.
4.
results in inhalation and exhalation of air. We also call it breathing or
ventilation.
4. Define ecology? And flow of energy in ecosystem?(5)
MaRia Sallahuddin
Answer.
Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and their environment.
The study of interactions between organisms with each other and their
environment.
environment.
Biosphere and environment.
Surface of Earth’s crust
Water bodies on Earth’s surface
Atmosphere that surrounds Earth
Energy Flow in Ecology
Main source of energy in an ecosystem is “Sunlight”. Autotrophs (producers) are
the organisms which utilize the energy stored in inorganic compounds and use
sunlight to make their food. These organisms carry out “photosynthesis” and use
this energy to convert “carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose”. The
other type of autotrophs makes carbohydrates using chemical energy e.g., many
bacteria. These are called chemoautotroph. Heterotrophs (consumers) are the
organisms that cannot make their own food and depends upon organic source.
5. Label the diagram of lungs? (3)
Answer.
6. Define food web? and explain the food web in grassland ecosystem
through flow chart?(
through flow chart?(5)
Answer.
MaRia Sallahuddin
· A network of eating and being eaten.
· Feeding relationships between organisms are not as simple as food chains.
· There is a diversity of organisms and one organism may be eaten by more than
one other organisms.
· Example is grass is eaten by cows, buffaloes
Example of a food web from land (grassland) ecosystem
· Grassland ecosystem has small plants, reptiles, amphibians and mammals.
· Grass is eaten by most of the herbivores.
· Herbivores are eaten by more than one carnivore.
7. Chemical properties of HCL? (3)
Answer. Chemical reactions of HCl:
_ Reaction with a base, NaOH or KOH
HCl + NaOH _NaCl + H2O
HCl + KOH _KCl + H2O
8. What are the conjugate bases and acids? Explain with suitable
example?
example? (5)
Answer. Conjugate acids and bases.
Example:
When HCl is dissolved in water the following reaction occurs.
HCl + H2O H3O+ + ClHydronium (H3O+) ion is a conjugate acid whereasCl- ion is conjugate base.
Reaction of acids with metals:
Al + HCl AlCl3 + H2
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2s
Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
Acid-base reactions:
NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O
KOH + CH3COOH CH3COOK + H2O
Reactions of acids with metal oxides:
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
3K2O + 2H3PO4 2K3PO4 + 3H2O
9.
Reaction of acids with metals:
Al + HCl AlCl3 + H2
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2s
Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
Acid-base reactions:
NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O
KOH + CH3COOH CH3COOK + H2O
Reactions of acids with metal oxides:
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
3K2O + 2H3PO4 2K3PO4 + 3H2O
9. Give the simple of food chain of Lake Ecosystem? (2)
MaRia Sallahuddin
Answer. Phytoplankton -> Crustaceans -> Fishes -> Fishes
10.
10.Explain the respiratory system in humans? Describe the function of
nose, pharynx, trachea, and larynx?
nose, pharynx, trachea, and larynx?(5)
Answer. Respiration in human beings occurs by lungs and associated air
passageways. Human respiratory system consists of:
Air passageways in humans
passageways. Human respiratory system consists of:
Air passageways in humans
Nostril and nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Nose and nasal cavity
Nose is the part for inhalation. Nose and nasal cavity is lined with ciliated
epithelium and its surface is covered with mucus. The ciliated and moist surface
traps dirt and other particles. The air, which enters inside is filtered, moist and
warm.
Pharynx
It is a small muscular passage, which is lined with mucous membrane. Air moves
down to larynx through pharynx.
Larynx: the voice box
Larynx is a complex cartilaginous structure, through which air moves down to
trachea. Its opening is ciliated and covered with mucous. Mucus membrane is
stretched across into thin edged fibrous bands called vocal cords. Vocal cords help
in voice production.
in voice production.
Trachea (windpipe)
Trachea is a long tube stretched from larynx to lungs. It has a tubular structures
and it lies ventral to the esphagous. It has C-shaped cartilaginous rings which are
supporting structure and prevent tracheal collapse. Trachea extends through the
chest cavity or thorax. In thorax, it divides into 2 tubes called bronchi one entering
each lung.
11.
each lung.
11.Give the name and formula of copper ores? (2)
Answer.
Names:
Malachite
MaRia Sallahuddin
Chalcopyrite
Copper Glance
Formula:
CuCO3•Cu(OH)2
CuFeS2
Cu2S
Final Term Paper
My Today’s Own Paper
Total Questions 52 Total MCQS=40 Subjective =12
MCQs Mostly from mid-term lessons and few from last Lessons
Questions:
41: Define Functional Group?
Answer: An atom or group of atoms which imparts some specific properties to a
compound is called a functional group. For example, -OH is functional group. It is
known as hydroxyl group. The compounds which have this functional group show
specific properties. They are phenols and alcohols.
compound is called a functional group. For example, -OH is functional group. It is
known as hydroxyl group. The compounds which have this functional group show
specific properties. They are phenols and alcohols.
42: Name the factors which causes increase the rate of corrosion?
Answer: There are two major factors which increase the rate of corrosion rapidly.
They are;
They are;
43: what is respiration and name the types?
Answer: Respiration consists of processes involves exchange of gases in living
organisms or metabolic reaction to produce energy. Respiration is one of the most
important metabolic activities. It is of two types:
organisms or metabolic reaction to produce energy. Respiration is one of the most
important metabolic activities. It is of two types:
Organismic respiration
Cellular respiration
44: Define ecology and categories the biotic and abiotic factors?
Answer: The study of interactions between organisms with each other and their
environment.
environment.
Biotic factors
Animals, plants, fungi, algae, bacteria
Animals, plants, fungi, algae, bacteria
Abiotic factors
Air, water, soil
Air, water, soil
45: Used of Nitrogen Gas?
Answer: 1. Nitrogen is used to prepare ammonia which is then used to prepare
nitric acid and fertilizer.
2. It is used as an inert gaseous blanket to exclude O2 to a processing and
packaging of foods.
3. Liquid nitrogen is used as a coolant to freeze foods rapidly.
nitric acid and fertilizer.
2. It is used as an inert gaseous blanket to exclude O2 to a processing and
packaging of foods.
3. Liquid nitrogen is used as a coolant to freeze foods rapidly.
46: Classifies the organics compound?
Answer: There are millions of organic compounds and this makes it physically
impossible to study each individual compound. To facilitate their study, organic
compounds are classified into various groups and sub-groups.
They may be broadly classified into the following classes:
impossible to study each individual compound. To facilitate their study, organic
compounds are classified into various groups and sub-groups.
They may be broadly classified into the following classes:
47: what is aromatic compound?
Answer: Aromatic compounds are benzene and those which resemble benzene.
They burn with black soot. They possess aromaticity and are comparatively more
stable than expected. They are unsaturated compounds but are resistant to addition
reactions. Their characteristic reactions are electrophilic substitution reactions
They burn with black soot. They possess aromaticity and are comparatively more
stable than expected. They are unsaturated compounds but are resistant to addition
reactions. Their characteristic reactions are electrophilic substitution reactions
48: Name the accessary glands in the digestive system and also describe
Esophagus?
Answer: Esophagus is a long tube starts from pharynx and enters stomach. From
pharynx, food enters esophagus. In esophagus, food moves down to stomach by a
series of muscular contractions called “peristalsis”. Bolus moves down by alternate
contraction and relaxation of muscles of esophagus. Sometimes an antiperistalsis
occur, i.e., movement from stomach to mouth that result in vomiting.
pharynx, food enters esophagus. In esophagus, food moves down to stomach by a
series of muscular contractions called “peristalsis”. Bolus moves down by alternate
contraction and relaxation of muscles of esophagus. Sometimes an antiperistalsis
occur, i.e., movement from stomach to mouth that result in vomiting.
49: Describe Composition of Blood?
Answer: Human blood consists of plasma (fluid) and cellular content (cells).
Plasma is the fluid with dissolved and un-dissolved materials. It consists mainly of
water, which have many inorganic and organic materials dissolved in it. Cellular
content consist of Red Blood
Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs) and Platelets. Red blood cells are also
called erythrocytes and white blood cells are also called leukocytes. Plasma
consists of 55% of the blood. Cells constitute 45% of the blood Average human
body has about 5liters of blood. Blood contents could be separated based upon
their densities and weights by various methods including centrifugation and
sedimentation.
Plasma is the fluid with dissolved and un-dissolved materials. It consists mainly of
water, which have many inorganic and organic materials dissolved in it. Cellular
content consist of Red Blood
Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs) and Platelets. Red blood cells are also
called erythrocytes and white blood cells are also called leukocytes. Plasma
consists of 55% of the blood. Cells constitute 45% of the blood Average human
body has about 5liters of blood. Blood contents could be separated based upon
their densities and weights by various methods including centrifugation and
sedimentation.
50: Describe Cardiac Cycle and Discuss?
Answer: Cardiac cycle is the time period from when the blood enters the heart to
the time when blood is pushed by the heart. We can also say that it is the time
period from atrial and ventricular diastole to ventricular systole.
Cardiac cycle consists of following steps:
the time when blood is pushed by the heart. We can also say that it is the time
period from atrial and ventricular diastole to ventricular systole.
Cardiac cycle consists of following steps:
1. Both atria and ventricles are relaxed. This is the time when both atria are filled
with blood from body and lungs. All heart muscles are relaxed, which means that
these are at diastole.
with blood from body and lungs. All heart muscles are relaxed, which means that
these are at diastole.
2. Then both atria contract and blood is pushed into ventricles. This is called atrial
systole. At this time, both AV valves are open and both semilunar valves are
closed.
systole. At this time, both AV valves are open and both semilunar valves are
closed.
3. Then the ventricles contract and push blood into aorta and pulmonary artery.
This is called ventricular systole. With this, a
This is called ventricular systole. With this, a cardiac cycle is complete.
4. Then again, both atria and ventricles are relaxed, i.e., come back to the initial
state.
state.
51: Describe the importance of invertebrate’s organisms?
Answer: Importance of Invertebrates
Invertebrates are very important part of lot of food chains hence important
for stability of ecosystems
For human use:
for stability of ecosystems
For human use:
Sponges are used widely in sound proofing, washing
Worms are important parasites of domestic animals and human beings
Insects are pests of many crops, many useful insects like honey bee, lac
insect
insect
Lobsters makes pearls, cultured for pearls
52: Describe the Flow of energy in ecology?
Answer: Energy Flow in Ecology
Main source of energy in an ecosystem is “Sunlight”. Autotrophs (producers) are
the organisms which utilize the energy stored in inorganic compounds and use
sunlight to make their food. These organisms carry out “photosynthesis” and use
this energy to convert “carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose”. The
other type of autotrophs makes carbohydrates using chemical energy e.g., many
bacteria. These are called chemoautotroph. Heterotrophs (consumers) are the
organisms that cannot make their own food and depends upon organic source.
Herbivores (the organisms that eat plants, i.e., producers; also called primary
consumers)
consumers)
Carnivores (the organisms that eat herbivores or other carnivore animals)
Omnivores (the organisms that eat upon plants and animals both)
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